1
2
  -2021
..  

()
  :    : 100
:               
1.          
2. ()        
()             
3.     ? -       
4.       ?        
5.        
6. ''            
7.     ?       -
-          
8.    ,     
2
2
  -2021
..  

()
  :    : 100
:               
1.          
:       :   
               ,   
              
  : ,     ,       
       -  -  ,  -, 
      
     ,         , 
             , 
  ,           
 1:    !
  , "           , 
 
   , 
    (AD)   "   
            :
  (): ,        
  (I): ,       
  ():  ,        
  ():           , 
         ,     
3
2
  , "     ,       , 
               ,  
   ,      "
 2:       

     (Y)       :
=+++ =  +  +  + =+++
    :
      (C),    ,   
      (I),      ,     

       (),      
         (NX),     

        , "       
        "
 3:     
                   
  , "       ,       
             "    
  
  :
      ,       
      ,           

     
             , "
        "
 4:    ,  !
         , "     100
     , . , 100      
                 
       ,         "
4
2
  :
=11−MPC\text{} = \frac{1}{1 - MPC}=1−MPC1
:
 (  )         
  , "    ,      ,  
    "
 5:    
              ( )
 ( )     :
AD=ASAD = ASAD=AS
     :
              
      ,         
 6:    
                
     ,  :
          
             
          
            , "
               
"
 7:    
              , " 
    ,         "     ,  
:
   ().
    (I).
     ().
5
2
 8:  -  !
     ,          
    ,           
          - 
    
     :         
    
              
      -        
  :   ,           
      
       ;        
       :
        
   
         

              
    ,         ,   
          ,   , 
  -           ,   
      -   
2. ()        
()             
:      
      -          
,        ,        
                    
6
2
             , 100   , 
               
      (   !)        
     ,            

   :                
   ,              
      ,         : " 
   "
            .
     
   19       -      
     ()     :
        ,    
             
  :      (  ),      
     ,         () 
                   : 
   ,     
    :  
    , ,           
               ,  
      
,  
 :
1.      .
2.       
3.           ()   
    ,              
                    
      
                 
     -,      :
7
2
      , 
      .
  ,             
 ,             ,   
      
  : 
           :
 
 
 
   :    ,        
                 
      :
         
         
          
                   
        :       
  
     :  
         ,       
        
:
1.          ?
             ,    
     ,         
 ,     
2.     ?
-,        ,        
            
3.  ():
               
8
2
,       ,       ,    
 
     
   ,                 
               
    ,         
 
     
1.     :
             
    ,    ,    ,   
2.   :
        ,         
  
3. - :
                
 ,         
 : 

            ,    
        -          
       ,       
   - 

               
  ,       ,     -  
,     ,          
 ,  , ,          , 
             ,       
     
9
2
()            
   ,     ,       
,                , 
       ,    :   (AD) 
  (AS)            ,    
 (AD)   :   
               
        :
    
         
         
            -      ,  
      -    (AD)    ,   
! AD           ;       , 
      ()   EcoLand    
     ?
AD     ,          :
1.  ():      
2.  (I):         
3.   (): ,       
4.   ():        (  ) 
     ()    
      ,         : AD=C+I+G+(X−M)
 X    M 
   
AD    ! ?          
     AD     :
1.      ,      ,  AD
      ,      ,  AD  

10
2
2.         (  ),      
 ,  AD  
3.       ,          
  ,  AD   
4.        ,         
 ,        
 ()  :  
      ,          
              :
    
    
     
           ,     () 

    
     AS     :
1.   ()):         
 ,     -,      
         
2.    ():           
   ( ,   )      
       
      ?
          ,       
    :
1.         ,  AS  
2. :               ,  

3.   
    ,        ,
 AS   
11
2
4.             , 
..   
AD  AS       
                  
    :
1.  (   ):   ?
2.  :    .
 : 
AD  AS                 
   ,         
 AD, AS   ,       ,     
()
 AS, AD   ,           , 
    ()
AD-AS :   
        AD-AS     
        :
1. -:    (    )
2. :   (   ).
3. :AD    
  ,  AS    
 
AD  AS      
     :
1.   :
        ,  AD        
     ,      
2.   :
    -     AS       
      ,         
3.  :
     ,          
,  AD       ,     AS  
12
2
  
 AD  AS     ,    -    
 :
1.      ,  AD         
    ,        
2.  : AD      (   ),     
,     
3.  :   ,          , 
AS        
   
1.   : AD  AS      - 
2.           ,    
     
3.               
     

            ,     
       AD         , 
AS                 
,    -              
                  
 -            ,    AD  AS   
,                  
   !
3.     ? -       
:   - :      
 
       ...
       ,        ,  
           :     
13
2
                  
   ?
 1:     
 :
  "  "               , 
        -         , 
         ,      , 
      ,          
             ,   
         
 :
 ,              : " 
  ,       !"      
 ,        ,      
                
                   
     
 2:   
                  
 !    :
1. 1:               
                
               
        ,        
2.  :              
,                
          ,     
        
3.  3:      -      ( 
),     ,           
 ,           
        , -      
   !
 3:-    
14
2
     :
1.  :
o    (  ,    )    , 
 
        
o        ()    , 
              
  ,       80%   ,  
           50%   
2.  :
o      ,         
              
    ,         
o ,             
         
3. :
o          ,   
  
   :
    (  )      ,  
   
       ( )    , 
     
 ,        ,     
o           ,     
            
  ,         ,     
        
 4: 
  
-    :
1.  :    ,        
            (
),             (
)
15
2
2.   :   ,      
         , 2008    
,              
  ,        
 5:    
1.   :      ,     
               
 :
o    (),   ()     
o    ()  ,       
    ()
2.             -
         ,   ,    
                
 
 6: 
  
        ,       
 :
1. :
o             
        ,       
2.  :
o            ,   
   
3.  :
o          
          
  ?
  ,            
           ,      
                
     
16
2
 
1. :
o              
o                

2. :
o            , 
     
o             
3. :
o   ,          

o ,           

      ,       
              ,   
                 !
4.       ?        
::       
              ,    
     -        ,  -
,     ,     ,        
    ,        -    
                
   :  
  ,      " "    :
1. :  
     
17
2
           
      
   ,    ,      
              
          ,        
             ,    
2. :   
   
                
             
    ,       
          
        -     ,      
3. :   
    .
         
        ,     ,    
            
  ,         !
4. :  
-   
        
               
             
       
  ,      ,        ,    
18
2
    :
   
,      ,            
                
    -      ,        
            
    
1.   -  
o             
o        ,   ,   
         -      
   
o               
 ,     ,      
2.   
o               

o              
           
o :  ,         
             
          
3.  
o       -       
- -    ,   -  -  
o ,   (     )    
        
        
,                

19
2
 1:    
             , 
          ,   ,    
    -     ,     
 2:   
  ,              
              
    ,     
 3:      
   ,              
            -    
 4:  
                 
          ""        
 5:
,               
 ,       ,        
   ,       !
      
     :
1.          
o                

2.        .
o               
  ,              
 
20
2
      
          ;          
     ,         
                  
     
5.        
:   : ,      
    ,           
                ,
    ,              
    "  " ,         
     (  )     
  
      :
1.   : ,        
    
2.  :          
3.   :            
                   
   
      ?
      (    )        ,
        :
1. -  :
  ,          ,  
         ,    
                  

o  -     :      
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2.  :
,                 
    ,        
 
o    :     
3.   :
 ,   ,            ,  
               
 ,             
o   :          
   
       :         ,   
                  
:
     ,           
           
     ,            
        
 
   :           
 :  
   ,            
                 
                  
  ,     
    
 ,         ,       
     ,              
      :           ,  
        
       
1.    :
     ,      ,    
            
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2.   :
     ,           
   ,      
    
            :
    .
     .
    
 ,     -    ,    
  
    
1.     :
                 
    
2.    :
                
     
3.    :
             
      

        ,      
     -         ,
               
,             
6. ''            
:        
:   
        ,          
   ,      ,         
    
23
2
              ,    
                  
    ?       -       
                   
        
  ?
           ,    ,   
              , 
             ()    
  ()
    :
1.   :     
2.    ,          
3.   :          

                 ,    
              
:               -    
 ! ?     
   

                
  ,         10,000      
          :
1:
              10,000    
         ,          
-  -  
 :
       10,000       ,  
      (  9,000  )        
    
24
2
 3:   
 9,000              ,     
      10,000  ,        9,000   
,       19,000  ,     10,000   !
 4:   
      (  8,100  )         
, ,              ,  
          ,        
    ,         
    ?  
                 
                
 10%          90%      10%
     
  10,000     :
o  1,000  (10%)  
o    9,000  (90%)  
      :
o  900  (10%)   
o    8,100  (90%)   
                
     
   
             :
  ,    10,000      10% (0.1) :
 , 10,000      ,   100,000   
25
2
    ?
1.              ,
         
2.   :    ,        
,   
3.          ,   
     ,       
   
   
,       :
1.   :     ,     
       
2.           
3.   :            
          
     (   )        
                
     
                 
        ,         
            ( )   
  ,      ( )
:   
        ;          
,         ,          
   -     
,              
               ,  ,   
       -        
 !
26
2
7.     ?       - -
          
:   :         ?
         ,    -      
       , ,      
     : ,           
       , "       ?"
               
   ,   ,          
  ?
                 
        : -   ,  
 ,           :
  100   10     
  100     7     
    !
   (   ?)
                ,    
       
1. -  (       )
         ,        
 ,    ,          
  -               ,
    
 -     -  ,       
2. -  (     )
              ,    
                
   
 -     -      ,  
  
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2
3.   (     )
                 
             ,    
             :    
 ,            
    -         
4.   (    )
              
        ,    ,    
  
        -           
  
 : - 
,        ,      ,   
            :
    ,       ,      
          
    ,        ,     ,
     ,           
 (  )   
      -       
   :
        
     ,    
   ?
               , 
     -    ,     , 
   ,      ,       
      ,          
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2
   
    ,            
   :
1970   ,         -  
      ,       
       
        
        (- ),     
      (- ),    
              (
),      
    -   :    ()  ,   
()    -     !
8.    ,     
:  :     
!
    ,       ,      
       ,      ,  
    ,        (),   
                ( )
                
    ,             
              - 
(    )     (    )   
    
                
,      -         
,               
      
29
2
   ?
           (     
     )          
               
  ,         ,        
    ()           
 
      :
1.   :           
               
               
            
2.    :             
               
           ,     , 
         
   
,                   
  ,         :
1.          ,     ,
          ,      
             
               
              , 
     
2.             , 
              
         ,     
 ,           
3.   :           
    ,           
   ,        
4.                
       -       !  
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2
          ,     
,            
5.     :      (    
  )            ,
              ,   
   
   
         ,         
                
        
1.    ()
                  
        
     (   )   ,    
     ,         , 
      
     (    )    ,   
      ,         ,
      
2.   ( )
               
       ,         , 
              
         ,     
 
         ,       ,  
                
3.   
  ,                
         ,        ,
              
  ,      
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2
       ,          ,
               
 ,            
4.    ()
   ()          
          
       ,        , 
            
         ,      , 
                 
    
5.    ()
   ()    ,       
  ,            ,
      
       ,   ...     ,
              

         ,   ...   ,
           
6. 
            ,   
  ,     
           ,      

               
  ,      
:   
                
         ,      
  ,     ,        
  ,     ,  ,    
       ,        
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2
                 
 - -                
,   ,           
:             ( )      
         ,              